Infographics
Anomalous Origin of Coronary Artery from Pulmonary Artery Created by: Dr. Yong Hao YeoReviewed by: Drs. Sukrit Banthia, Claire Cambron, and Rawan Amir ALCAPA and ARCAPA are rare but life-threatening coronary anomalies and the second leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes. ALCAPA: Presents in infancy or adulthood;…
Coronary Microvascular Disease Coronary Microvascular Disease (CMD) is an underrecognized cause of chest pain and ischemia, often seen in women—particularly postmenopausal women—with non-obstructive coronary arteries on angiography. CMD arises from structural remodeling or functional endothelial dysfunction in the coronary microvasculature, leading to reduced coronary flow reserve (CFR) and increased resistance.…
Coronary Artery Embolism Etiology Direct: Clot (LV thrombus, LAA Thrombus), Valve (Vegetation, Thrombus, Fibroelastoma), Mass (Myxoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma) Paradoxical: Right to Left from Venous System/Right Heart, Via PFO or Interatrial Shunt Iatrogenic: s/p Coronary Angiography or Cardiac Surgery (Most Common Cause) Scoring Major: Angiographic evidence without significant atherosclerosis, coronary emboli in…
Coronary Embolus, PFO, and PAH This infographic reviews key points on coronary embolus, patent foramen ovale (PFO), PFO/ASD closure in pulmonary hypertension (PH), defining PH, and the vasodilator challenge. It covers the etiology of coronary emboli, indications for PFO closure, considerations for PFO/ASD closure in severe PH, and definitions and…
Pre-Cath Medications This infographic provides essential guidance on managing medications before cardiac catheterization, focusing on balancing medication safety and procedure outcomes. Metformin eGFR ≥ 60: Continue Metformin. Rationale: Lower risk of contrast-associated acute kidney injury (AKI). eGFR ≤ 45: Avoid Metformin. Rationale: Increased risk of lactic acidosis peri-cath, though the…
Cardiac Stress Testing This infographic highlights key aspects of cardiac stress testing, comparing multiple modalities and outlining indications for their use. Indications Evaluation of stable chest pain in patients with intermediate to high CAD risk Risk stratification for new-onset symptoms in patients with known CAD Assessment of valvular heart disease…
Anti-Anginal Medications This infographic offers a structured overview of anti-anginal medications, their mechanisms, and recommended use according to ESC and NICE guidelines. Classes and Mechanisms Short-Acting Nitrates (e.g., Nitroglycerin) Mechanism: Converts to NO for rapid vasodilation of peripheral and coronary arteries. Use: Immediate relief for acute angina; ideal for PRN…
Guide to Invasive Coronary Pressure Ratios This infographic provides an overview of Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) and Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio (iFR), essential tools for assessing the functional significance of coronary stenosis in patients with intermediate lesions. Why Use Invasive Pressure Measurements? Invasive coronary pressure measurements help determine if intermediate coronary…
Differences in OCT vs. IVUS-Guided PCI This infographic provides a detailed comparison between Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS), two imaging modalities frequently used to guide percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). It highlights key differences in technical aspects, clinical applications, imaging artifacts, and the latest guidelines. Technical Differences OCT:…
The CardioNerds Five – Free Wall Rupture This infographic explores the critical aspects of free wall rupture (FWR), a rare but life-threatening mechanical complication of myocardial infarction (MI). It breaks down essential topics and clinical considerations: What’s the role of revascularization when presenting with late STEMI? The benefit of revascularization…