Infographics
Multimodality Imaging in Infective Endocarditis (IE) 📍 Part 1: Imaging for Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis Echocardiography TTE is the first-line imaging test (Class IB). If positive or inconclusive, follow with TEE (Class IB). Negative results should be repeated in 5–7 days if clinical suspicion remains. Cardiac CTA Used when TTE/TEE…
Ventricular Septal Rupture Ventricular Septal Rupture (VSR) is a rare but serious complication, historically seen after myocardial infarction (MI). The incidence has decreased with reperfusion strategies, yet mortality remains high at 41-80%. 1. When should we worry about VSR?Typically occurs after a first MI in patients with delayed or no…
Post-TAVR: Suicide Left Ventricle High afterload from aortic stenosis leads to compensatory left ventricular hypertrophy and chronic pressure overload. After TAVR, rapid reduction in afterload can lead to increased contractility from the chronically hypertrophied LV, resulting in cavity obliteration. Treatment Approach: Treat Like Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Obstruction Ensure adequate preload…
Syphilitic Aortitis and Severe AR Characterizing Severe Aortic RegurgitationAR is characterized as acute or chronic, with acute AR often presenting with severe cardiovascular collapse. Further classification includes primary (valve disorder) or secondary (aortic root/aorta disorder) AR. Stages of Chronic ARChronic AR leads to increased LV volume and wall stress. In…
Severe Aortic Regurgitation This flowchart categorizes causes of severe aortic regurgitation (AR) into chronic and acute forms. Chronic AR may arise from leaflet abnormalities due to infections, inflammatory conditions, or structural issues, while aortopathy-related AR is associated with genetic conditions or degenerative changes. Acute AR can result from traumatic or…
Pathophysiology of Aortic Regurgitation This infographic details the progression of aortic regurgitation (AR) from early mild stages to decompensated severe AR. In early AR, there is minimal volume overload, and patients remain asymptomatic. Acute severe AR causes rapid volume increase, leading to cardiogenic shock and potential pulmonary edema. Chronic severe…
Pathophysiology of Aortic Stenosis and Pregnancy Considerations Summary:This infographic illustrates the pathophysiological changes in left ventricular (LV) function due to aortic stenosis (AS) and explores the impact of AS on pregnancy. It explains how AS increases afterload and LV wall stress, leading to compensatory LV hypertrophy. In pregnancy, AS can…
Cardiac Platypnea-Orthodeoxia This infographic explains the mechanism behind cardiac platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome (POS), where patients experience dyspnea and hypoxia upon standing. This condition requires both an anatomic (such as a PFO) and functional component (e.g., pulmonary hypertension). It illustrates the changes in right-to-left shunting based on body positioning (supine vs. standing)…
Coronary Embolus, PFO, and PAH This infographic reviews key points on coronary embolus, patent foramen ovale (PFO), PFO/ASD closure in pulmonary hypertension (PH), defining PH, and the vasodilator challenge. It covers the etiology of coronary emboli, indications for PFO closure, considerations for PFO/ASD closure in severe PH, and definitions and…
Pre-TAVR Evaluation for Severe Aortic Stenosis When evaluating a patient with severe aortic stenosis (AS) for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR), it's important to assess multiple factors before proceeding. This infographic covers key elements in evaluating the patient, the heart valve team, and the anatomy involved. The Patient: Consider symptomatic…