Pathophysiology of Aortic Regurgitation This infographic details the progression of aortic regurgitation (AR) from early mild stages to decompensated severe AR. In early AR, there is minimal volume overload, and patients remain asymptomatic. Acute severe AR causes rapid volume increase, leading to cardiogenic shock and potential pulmonary edema. Chronic severe…
Pathophysiology of Aortic Stenosis and Pregnancy Considerations Summary:This infographic illustrates the pathophysiological changes in left ventricular (LV) function due to aortic stenosis (AS) and explores the impact of AS on pregnancy. It explains how AS increases afterload and LV wall stress, leading to compensatory LV hypertrophy. In pregnancy, AS can…
Cardiac Platypnea-Orthodeoxia This infographic explains the mechanism behind cardiac platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome (POS), where patients experience dyspnea and hypoxia upon standing. This condition requires both an anatomic (such as a PFO) and functional component (e.g., pulmonary hypertension). It illustrates the changes in right-to-left shunting based on body positioning (supine vs. standing)…
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy This infographic provides a clinical and imaging-based approach to restrictive cardiomyopathy. It outlines key clinical signs, physical examination findings, and the role of echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and catheterization in assessing restrictive filling and diagnosing this condition. Additionally, it categorizes etiologies into infiltrative, storage, endomyocardial, and non-infiltrative types, each…
Hereditary Restrictive Cardiomyopathy This infographic covers hereditary restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), detailing its etiologies, the importance of multimodal imaging, physical examination findings, invasive hemodynamics, and challenges in managing end-stage RCM. Key diagnostic approaches and clinical considerations for managing patients with hereditary RCM are discussed, emphasizing the complexities of treatment. Produced by:…
Coronary Embolus, PFO, and PAH This infographic reviews key points on coronary embolus, patent foramen ovale (PFO), PFO/ASD closure in pulmonary hypertension (PH), defining PH, and the vasodilator challenge. It covers the etiology of coronary emboli, indications for PFO closure, considerations for PFO/ASD closure in severe PH, and definitions and…
Treatment of Chronic Thromboembolic Disease This infographic outlines the treatment approach for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH). It begins with the confirmation of CTEPH diagnosis and lifelong anticoagulation, followed by the assessment of operability for pulmonary endarterectomy. Treatment options are divided based on operability, including pulmonary endarterectomy, targeted medical therapy,…
CTEPH and May-Thurner Syndrome This infographic provides an overview of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) and May-Thurner Syndrome. It includes key diagnostic criteria, echo findings related to pulmonary hypertension, arrhythmias associated with CTEPH, and the steps for defining and treating CTEPH. Emphasis is placed on the importance of a high…
Defibrillation Thresholds & Desmoplakin Cardiomyopathy This infographic explores Defibrillation Thresholds (DFTs) and their importance in device management for cardiomyopathy patients, as well as the role of Desmoplakin (DSP) mutations in hereditary cardiomyopathy, especially ARVC. It covers the indications for DFT testing, causes of high DFTs, genetic implications in unexplained DCM…
ATTR Amyloid Cardiomyopathy This infographic covers the key aspects of ATTR Amyloid Cardiomyopathy, emphasizing the importance of suspecting amyloid in heart failure cases with certain clinical signs. It details amyloid etiology, including hereditary and non-hereditary forms, and highlights the necessity of considering AL amyloid in differential diagnoses. Multi-modal diagnostic approaches…